Isomaltulose
See Palatinose.
Palatinose
Also known as isomaltulose. A disaccharide derived from sucrose, palatinose is a fully-digestible carbohydrate with a low glycemic index. It’s considered GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the FDA, and is increasingly used as an alternative, “tooth-friendly” sugar in various foods, meal replacement products and sports drinks.
2a,3a-Epithio-17a-Methyl-5a-Androstan-17b-Ol
An anabolic “supplement” compound sold under various names (Havoc, Epistane, Hemaguno). It’s a methylated, orally-bioavailable version of a steroidal, anti-estrogenic drug, Epitiostanol, which was originally developed in Japan. Epitiostanol is also the parent compound of an illegal anabolic steroid: Mepitiostane (2a, 3a-epithio-5-androstan-17b-yl-1-methoxycyclopentyl ether).
May also be written as 2a,3a-epithio-17a-methyletioallocholanol. While it’s currently being sold on the open market, 2a,3a-epithio-17a-methyl-5a-androstan-17b-ol is of dubious legality, and unlikely to withstand FDA scrutiny.
Propionyl-L-Carnitine
A carnitine derivative with therapeutic applications for cardiovascular disease(s). Human clinical trials indicate propionyl-l-carnitine can improve exercise capacity in patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease. It may also have uses for improving erectile dysfunction and other disorders. One (animal) study also suggests it could be useful for reducing hyperinsulinemia and body weight.
3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine
Also known as 3,5-T2 or T2. Like 3,3′-diiodo-l-thyronine, it’s a breakdown metabolite of the active thyroid hormone, T3. Animal data suggests it can reduce body fat accumulation by reducing oxidative stress and altering hepatic (liver) fat metabolism – without inducing thyrotoxicity. This is why it’s included in several weight loss supplements, although a) there’s no controlled human data on its use for this purpose; and b) there is little available info on its oral pharmacokinetics (or dose) – the animals in the studies were injected with 3,5-T2, not fed/gavaged.
3,3′-Diiodo-L-Thyronine
Also known as 3,3′ T2. A breakdown metabolite of the active (T3) thyroid hormone, 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine. It’s included in some weight loss supplements as a “thyromimetic” compound, although there is no human data to support its use for this purpose. There is limited animal data that demonstrates it can increase metabolic rate and energy expenditure, but the 3,3′-diiodo-l-thyronine was administered by injection – not orally.
