Daidzein
An isoflavone found in a number of plants, although soy is the primary food source. Daidzein is a phytoestrogen, and exerts weak estrogenic effects in animal studies. Intestinal bacteria play an important role in daidzein metabolism, which metabolize it to equol and/or O-desmethylangolensin – which are more biologically active than the parent compound. Equol is thought to have protective effects against both breast and prostate cancers, as well as cardiovascular disease. Equol production varies widely amongst individuals, however, which may explain the failure of many clinical studies to find substantial health benefits from soy consumption.
Avena sativa
The botanical name for oats. Avena sativa extracts are often added to “male enhancement” and testosterone-boosting bodybuilding supplements, due to claims that they reduce SHBG (sex-hormone binding globulin) and increase libido. Unfortunately, there is zero credible science behind these claims.
Nonetheless, oat extracts have therapeutic uses. Oats are rich in beta-glucan: a soluble fiber that can help reduce serum cholesterol and improve postprandial glucose/insulin response. Oats also contain polyphenolic compounds known as “avenanthramides”, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Avenathramides may also increase nitric oxide (NO) production (which would lend credence to the aphrodisiac claims), although this has not been confirmed by studies in animals or humans.
Alpha Glycerophosphocholine
Abbreviated Alpha-GPC; also known as choline alfoscerate. Alpha-GPC is a derivative of the essential nutrient choline. Choline serves a number vital functions, including maintaining the structure/function of cell membranes, normalizing homocysteine levels (via a metabolite, betaine), and serving as a precursor for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important to learning and memory. Alpha-GPC has neuroprotective and cognitive effects, and may also potentiate growth hormone release.
7-Keto-DHEA
7-Keto-DHEA is an acetylated form of a DHEA metabolite (7-oxo-DHEA) used in a number of weight loss supplements. Unlike DHEA, it cannot be converted to androgens (i.e., testosterone) or estrogens.
Several studies in humans indicate that 7-Keto-DHEA can modestly increase RMR and enhance weight/fat loss when taken in conjunction with a structured diet and exercise program. Studies in rats have shown 7-keto may work by increasing levels of thermogenic enzymes. It may also help reduce cortisol (stress hormone) levels.
Also known as 3-acetyl-7-keto-DHEA and 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandosterone.
